1. Munda
The Mundas are a powerful tribe of the Kolarian group in Jharkhand. It is ethnically placed in the Proto-Australoid group. Scholars differ about their place of residence. According to the first ideology, their native land is considered to be Tibet. Whereas according to the second ideology. they came from the southwest of India to Madhya Pradesh under the pressure of the Aryans and later they entered the region of Jharkhand. According to another ideology, they entered Jharkhand from the southeastern part of India and defeated the Asura tribe and later established their domination over Jharkhand.
Munda has its own language, which is called Mundari. This language belongs to the Austro-Asiatic language family. Munda calls their language Hodo Jagr. This tribe are mainly found in Ranchi, Khunti, Hazaribagh, Gumla, Simdega, Giridih, Singhbhum and Santhal Parganas of Jharkhand.Munda has its own language, which is called Mundari. This language belongs to the Austro-Asiatic.Munda village has three special sites, which can also be considered language family as a speciality of tribal villages. These places are Sarna, where their Munda calls their village deity resides, 'Akhara', where the panchayat meets and the language Hodo Jagr young men and women gather and dance and sing at night. The third special place is 'Sasan, which is a tomb. Here dead bodies are buried. Stones are placed on the tomb, which is called "Sasanadiri'. The youth house in Munda tribal village is called 'Gitiora". When the Mundas entered the Jharkhand region, they cleaned the forests for livelihood and started agricultural work and established as permanent residents. They built farm, Khunt Katti Khet and their settled village came to be known as Khunt Katti Village. The builder of the field was called 'Khutkattidar Peg refers to a family. It can be said that the administrative system of that time was a pebbled system.
In this system each 'Khunt owned its own forest and land. Due to the increase in population, there was a shortage of space, so the peasants started building new villages in the vicinity. These villages were new, but the social, cultural, religious and political systems of these villages were operated from the same ancestral villages. When the number of such villages became more, the panchayat system of these Khunt Kattidar villages developed. The 'Parha' was formed by combining various such villages. Each village in the Munda tribe had a panchayat, whose chief was called Munda. Many such gram panchayats or villages were made into a cluster, which is headed by Manaki standard. Parha was formed by mixing several clusters, the chief of which was called 'Parha Raja'. There were often members of the same clan in the Parha. There was also a Panchayat of Parha, who was called Parha Panchayat. There were five executive officers in this panchayat, who worked under the king. These officers were Diwan, Thakur, Pandey, Karta and Lal. All these positions were hereditary. These people obeyed the orders of the Parha king and made recommendations to the king. The nomination of the Parha king was by election. This post was not hereditary. This is the reason why the administrative system of this Munda-Manki-Padaha-Sardar represented the example of India's first democratic system. Manki and Parha Raja did not receive any revenue of any kind. On this basis, it is also called cooperative system and not called Raj system. Border disputes, settlement of mutual disputes and other disputes were resolved by the Parha Panchayat. It was considered the highest judiciary, executive and legislature of Munda.
At present, government panchayats have also been established in Munda tribal areas. These panchayats also interfere with the social affairs of Munda, due to which the traditional panchayats are now becoming secondary.
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