3. Parha panchayat Governance System
The Oraon is an important and populous tribe in Jharkhand. Its social and political system is very strong. When Oraons settled in Chhota Nagpur, every family, or clan chose a suitable part of the forest and-cleared the forests and made them cultivable land and built huts. The village was settled in this way. These first forest cleaners were called 'Bhuinhar to build the farm. Later, Oraon Jeths were called Raiyat. Bhuinhar means lord of the land. His land was called 'Bhuinhar Bhoomi. Some called the villages inhabited by them as 'Bhuinhar village. The same person was appointed as the agent for the management and operation of the village and for performing religious functions. He was called Pahan and the family he belonged to was called 'Pahan Khunt". Pahan continued to do both administrative and religious work. Later, a second chief was selected to assist him.
He was called 'Mahto Prior to Mahto, the work of the priest and temporal head of the village of Oraon was done by Baiga from the early times. He too belonged to the Bhuinhar clan and his clan was called Mahto Khunt. Thus, there were two officers for the administrative management of the village-Pahan, whose area of work was limited to religious acts, and Mahto, whose area of work became the administrative management of the village. The panchayat was formed to resolve disputes with the growing population in the village, in which all senior members were panchs and Mahto was its president.
The need to work together for protection from natural and extraterrestrial enemies in the surrounding villages was realized, as a result of which the Parha organization stood on the lines of hunting, whose base, rather than the group of relatives, became a local nexus. The Parha, as it exists today, is a union community of several nearby neighbouring villages, whose central organization is 'Pariha Panch."
The Parha is formed by combining 7, 12, 21 or 22 villages, the head of which is called 'Raja". Now due to partial disintegration of this system, the number of villages in Parha has been reduced to 5, 4 or 3. One of the villages in Parha is called 'Raja village, second one as Diwan village'.. third one as Panere village', fourth as 'Kotwar village' and the remaining villages are called 'Praja village Every village has its own special function. A bachelor cannot become a Pahan. One Pahan builds the village. One of the villages in Dasara (Mahto) runs the village. They have no taxation, levy or any Parha is called "Raja financial right. All authority is embedded in Panchayats and Panchs, whose approval and consent can only do something about it. village', second one as 'Diwan village", third one as Panere village', fourth one as Kotwar village' and the remaining villages are called 'Praja village'. Every village function.
The Gram Panchayat resolves the internal disputes within the village. This includes cases of property division, marriage disputes, sexual offenses, prohibition violations and sometimes assault and theft. An angry or aggrieved person makes a verbal complaint to Mahto and Pahan. The senior members of the village (panch) gather at akhara or other designated place. Godait calls the complainant and the plaintiff on both sides. Witnesses are heard from both sides. There is also the practice of swearing and rigorous scrutiny. Cases are decided by consensus. Penalty or penalty of boycott is given if the crime is proved. If the accused woman's case is found to be true, she is expelled from the village. Penalty money is spent on food and wine has its own special Disputes of one village with another village are settled in the Parha. The final decision of boycott of caste takes place and also allows for re-entry. There are many functions of the Parha. It also works for the welfare. Humane-inhumane, protection from natural and supernatural threats disasters, organizing cultural functions such as potted dance, mass poaching, etc. are the main functions of the Parha.
In a special situation, a village may leave one Parha and join another but there is no break with the old Parha. It is called "Doodh Bhaiya' village. The inclusion of such Doodh-Bhaiya villages leads to a larger organization or union than Parha, which is called 'Antarparha." Today, Oraons have become a part of government panchayats in villages. Over time political consciousness has developed in them.
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