(B.1) Sadan of Jharkhand

 1. Sadan of Jharkhand

Sadans are the original non-tribal people of Jharkhand, but not all non-tribes are Sadans. The word 'Sadan' means people who were settled here or inhabited the place. In the Sadani language, the house pigeon in Nagpuri is called 'Sad Parewal and the wild pigeon or the pigeon that is not domesticated is called 'Ban Parewa. Similarly, the Sadan should be treated as 'Sad Perewa. There is a fundamental difference between the Adivasis and the Sadans where the Adivasis are tribes, the Sadans are communities. The Adivasis are nomadis while the Sadans form permanent residences. In terms of language, a non-tribal person whose language is basically Khortha, Nagpuri, Panchapargani and Kurmali is the Sadan. In this regard, Dr. B.P. Kesari believes that the original form of these languages must have developed in different tribes of Nagajati. But language is not limited to caste only. Therefore, Nagaraja will be in Nagadishum. So, as for people, there will be no Nag people; people of other castes and languages will also be there. Hindu is the ancient Sadan in terms of religion. Islam originated in the sixth century. The Jainism before it is also Sadan. Today the mother tongue of all these religious people is not Jain, Urdu or Arabic or Persian but Khoratha, Nagpuri, Panchpargania, Karmali, etc. Whether the person is of any religion, he/she can be a Sadan only when his/her mother tongue is Saadri.

Sadan is an Aryan in terms of race. Some Dravidians are also called Sadans. There were the Diwan, Thakur, Pandey, Karta and Lal among the four or five pillars in the Pariha Panchayat of Uraon and Mundas. The Manki Munda, Pahan, Mahto belonged to their pegs, there were also Lal, Pandey, Thakur, Diwan etc. as assistants who ran the business. That is to say Sadan always lived with Munda and Oraon in the royal system or in other business activities.

History says, there was a decent species here before Asura. Certainly, these civilized species belonged to the Sadans, who were the original inhabitants. After all, the work of making iron for Asuras was done by someone else only. The Asuras were followed by Munda and then Oraon Sadan was inhabited before their arrival. Munda and Oraon were welcomed by the Sadans. The British succeeded in imposing the surname 'Diku' under a conspiracy policy, which confused the tribals and resulted in the Kol rebellion of 1831-32, in which the Sadans and Adivasis clashed Later, Birsa Munda understood this British conspiracy and he had targeted only the British. In the Birsa era, the Mughal, Pathan, Sikh, Kirani Babu and British were called 'Diku," who used to exploit the tribals and create differences between them and the Sadans.

 

Types of Houses in Terms of Caste

Similar castes are found in Jharkhand which are also present in other parts of the country like Brahmins, Rajputs, Mali, Kumhars, Kurmi, Sonar, Baniya, Dom, Ahir, Chamar. Dushad, Thakur, Nagajati, etc. Castes like those found only in Chhota Nagpur: Badike, Deshwali, Paika, Dhanu, Rautia, Godait, Pasi, Bhuiyan, Paan, Pramanik, Tantik, Swansi, Oshta, Raxail, Bind, Lohdiya etc. There are many Sadan castes whose gotras are Avadhiya, Kanaujia, Tirhutia, Gaur Dakhinaha, etc. This shows that their original place is somewhere outside.

 

Social and Cultural Framework of Houses

The cultural structure of the Sadans and Adivasis is almost the same. The cultural structure of the Sadan family is mostly like that of the Sanatani family but many social, religious and cultural functions are performed like the tribal, such as wedding, festival, dance and song, language, etc. . Both Sadan and Adivasi are native to Jharkhand. They have a shared culture. Due to this, there is a glimpse of "Aryapan' as well as tribalism in the houses.

 

Religion

The caste located in a small area called Sadan Sarak is influenced by Jainism. Like the Jains. they do not eat after sunset and do not consume meat and fish. These people are worshippers of the sun with intent. Some Sadans are influenced by the Vaishnava tradition. Along with worshipping the deities of the Hindus, the Sadan people also worship deity of the Jains. Along with Ojha Mati, witchcraft and ghost are also popular. It would be relevant to say that the religious tradition of the Sadans is entrenched in calling in the spirits of priesthood and ritualism.

 

Physical Formation

Aryan, Dravidian and Austric are seen in the physical formation of the houses. Three shades of white, black and tanned are seen in the houses. Even in height, the short, medium and long are visible.

Costumes

Sadan traditionally wear dhoti, kurta, gamchha and chadar. But currently pants, shirts, couts, ties, etc. are also used.

 

Jewellery

The Sadan people use jewellery in Bengal and Bihar. Jewellery like pola, sankha, bracelet. nettle, necklace, clavicle, sikari, chhchi, bullak, basar, nathiya, tarki, karan, fool, etc. are prevalent. Tattooing is also practiced in the houses like that of the tribals.

 

Household Goods

Sadan people use earthenware in villages. Handiya, gagri, chukka, dhakni are definitely visible in the houses. Keeping brass and bronze utensils in the houses is considered a sign of prosperity. Both sides of the plate are used in group meals. Sadan and Adivasi use the same equipment in farming.

 

Hunting Tools

Sadans use nets, kumani bansidag, polai and tools like bow and arrow, swords, spears, lathics, tongs, etc. for hunting, just like the tribals. The tradition of holding guns by the Sadans came due to zamindari.

 

Kinship

Sadan society is patriarchal. Father's elder brother is called 'Babuji, mother's sister Mausi and father's younger brother is called "Kaka Marital relationship is forbidden in the maternal paternal clan.

 

Festivals

The festivals of Sadans are a very basis of identity. A person who is not a Sadan will not enjoy the festivals here. Holi, Diwali, Dussehra, Kali Puja, Jitiya, Sohrai, Karama, Sarhul, Makar Sankranti, Tusu, Teej etc. are the major festivals of the houses. Muslims celebrate Eid, Muharram, etc.

 

Dance and Song

Houses are identified with the village Akhara. The collective dance of girls takes place in Akhara in Karma Utsav. There is an overnight dance to awaken Java. Apart from this, women also perform dance in marriage. Dumkach. Jhumta, Jhumar, etc. are all group dances. Ghatwari dance, Jamda dance, Chokra dance, Santhal dance, Luri Savari dance, Rajput Jhalak dance-all these dances together are called colourful MALE dances. Apart from this, Ganesh dance and Karthik dance are termed as classical dances. The songs of the Sadans are named after their raga and sur. Such as Dumkach, Jhumta. Agnayi, Sohar, Mardani Jhumar, Sohrai, etc. Sadan is also a contemporary of the tribals who are native of Jharkhand. Seeing the mutual friendship between the tribals and the Sadans, the British tried to create a rift between them. They achieved partial success in this. The British used the term 'Diku' for them in Jharkhand